Solid Cohesion and the
Expanding Universe
Prof. Frank H. Meyer
Three centuries ago, Newton suggested that the cohesion of atoms in a solid or crystal could be explained by postulating that their inward gravitational motion, newly discovered by himself, provided the attractive force; and that when God made the atoms, he made them absolutely hard and impenetrable, so providing the repulsive force of solid cohesion. No known theory of solid cohesion has prevailed longer than this one. But, after 1912 when the work of Max von Lau and the Braggs made X-ray diffraction patterns disclosed that while the separation distances of atoms in the microstructure were in the order of 10-8 cm, no amounts of compression make the atoms touch one another.
An electrical theory of solid cohesion, based on the nuclear atom model, then appeared early in this century in the wake of the discredited Newtonian theory. This modern theory arbitrarily substituted an electrical principle that “unlike charges attract” as the attractive force of solid cohesion. No repulsive force was postulated, without which no stable equilibrium of solid cohesion can exist.
The revaluation and unification of physics, available from Dewey Larson’s creation of the Reciprocal System of physics, disclosed two new essential relations of gravitational motion to the structure of our physical universe:
1. Gravitational motion is not the sole universal motion operating throughout the physical world; it is one of two universal motions. Larson reported in 1959 his discovery of the progression at unit speed (the speed of light).
2. Universal gravitational motion plays the role of attractive force in the expanding universe together with universal space-time progression, which plays the role of repulsive force in the macroscopic world. Newton, however, was not altogether mistaken in also assigning a role to universal gravitational motion in solid cohesion. For the Reciprocal System of physics, gravitational motion in solid cohesion plays the role of the repulsive force, while space-time progression plays the role of the attractive force.
How can this be? This can be, and is, because space-time and motion are not infinitely divisible and continuous, and are not unrelated, as conventional physicists, led by Einstein and Newton mistakenly assumed. They are rather finitely divisible, quantized and reciprocally related, as correctly postulated by Dewey B. Larson. Speed, the measure of motion, reveals all motion as nothing more than a reciprocal relation, a multiplicatively inverse relation between space and time. All motion, as defined, is measured by speed, the scalar magnitude of the relation between space and time. In Larson’s Reciprocal System, the physical universe appears not as a universe of matter, but as a universe of motion. This means that the physical universe is not simply composed of atoms and the void, as Leucippus and Democritus supposed. Instead, atoms, electrons, photons, etc., are compounds of units of motion and each individual unit of motion is a relation between one unit of space and one unit of time, motion at unit speed.
Besides magnitude, motion manifests direction. Now the direction of motion is much affected by whether the motion occurs outside the natural unit of space or occurs inside this unit of space. Larson estimates the natural, quantized unit of space to be approximately 45.6 nanometers (4.56×10-6 cm). It is the universal characteristic of both Three-Dimensional Space-Time Progression and Three-Dimensional Gravitational Motion that each is a scalar motion with invariant scalar direction. When a motion is scalar, it is uniformly distributed over all directions and has no specific or inherent direction.
What then
does Larson means when distinguishing direction difference between these two
universal scalar motions? It is essential to keep in mind that the natural
reference system of the reciprocal theory does not count direction from
zero, but rather from unity. Larson means by unity the unit speed of the
space-time progression, which he regards as the primary universal natural
motion or “force”. (Do not forget that in Larson’s physics, motion is prior to
matter and that you do not have gravitational motion until displacements from
the primary universal motion produce matter). The initial point of the
progression of an individual unit of motion is zero. As the distance between
two points cannot be less than zero, it follows that the primary motions are
necessarily outward, increasing the distances relative to the initial
points. Thus, the invariant sense of the scalar space-time progression is
invariably away from unity or unit speed.
Away from unity is outward outside the unit of space. Away from unity is inward inside the unit of space. The expanding universe occurs exclusively outside the unit of space; hence space-time progression in the expanding universe plays the role of repulsive force, accomplishing an unstable equilibrium with gravitational motion at the gravitational limit.
The invariant sense of universal scalar gravitational motion is invariantly toward unity or unit speed. Because of the equivalence of the unit of space and the unit of time (Larson estimates the duration of the natural, quantized unit of time to be approximately 152 attoseconds, or 1.52×10-16 seconds), the initial point of all physical activity is at unity, not at the mathematical zero. Inasmuch as gravitational motion, by reason of its inherent nature, invariably acts in the sense opposite to that of space-time progression, and equivalent reversal from outside the unit of space to inside the unit of space occurs also in the sense of scalar gravitational motion. Outside the unit of space, the gravitational motion is inward toward unity. Inside the unit of space, the gravitational motion is outward toward unity. The expanding universe occurs exclusively outside the unit of space; hence gravitational motion in the expanding universe plays the role of the attractive force, permitting unstable equilibrium with the space-time progression at the gravitational limit. Solid cohesion occurs exclusively inside the space unit; hence gravitational motion in solid cohesion plays the role of repulsive force, enabling stable equilibrium in the solid state.
As a Research Physicist in industry and medicine for half a century, and as a member of the American Physical Society in good standing, I wish to declare my judgment that Dewey Larson’s Reciprocal System of physical theory and practice adequately accounts both for solid cohesion and the cyclical expanding universe.